Literature reviews are a powerful tool to summarize research evidence.

The current outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has spread across borders through travelers, conveyances,  which has prompted demands for the detection and management of suspected cases at points of entry (POE), including ports, airports and ground crossings, on board conveyances.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by a surge of information, some accurate and some not. Information gaps and a mix of misinformation and malicious disinformation have also led to confusion around the choices we are making to protect ourselves and each other.

Many countries are exploring the use of ‘vaccine passports’ to enable cross-border travel without quarantine restrictions, to reopen sport and leisure facilities for vaccinated people, or even to work in certain public- or patient-facing roles.

The rapid development of a range of COVID-19 vaccines during the pandemic has renewed interest in public-private partnerships. For example, governments and international agencies have partnered with private pharmaceutical companies to fund research and development programmes.

A proportion of people who contract COVID-19 experience persisting ill health that can have a serious impact on their ability to resume work and social lives.

Following the rapid development of effective COVID-19 vaccines, countries are now facing the challenge of rapidly rolling out vaccination programmes to immunize the population and restore as much of normal life as quickly as possible.

Following the rapid development of effective COVID-19 vaccines, countries are now facing the challenge of rapidly rolling out vaccination programmes to immunize the population and restore as much of normal life as quickly as possible.

While the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic was focused on preventing and mitigating a public health crisis, the situation has, in many countries, rapidly spiralled into a full blown economic and public finance crisis.